Friday, March 11, 2016

Final Project.

Egypt- National Identity












Sarah Piskorik

3/11/16

HIWD 320

Final Project















Egypt, a country that stands out as its own from the rest of the Africa. A place were change has been dominate force politically, socially, economically, geographically, and religiously. A nation once bound by old traditions and culture, now strives for a new national identity.
Egypt, located in the north-east corner on the continent of Africa is 387,048 square miles and lies mostly in along the long Nile River.[1] Created in the 3150 B.C., Egypt has a rich history and a deep culture.[2] Within this culture are the 90 million citizens who inhabit this Arab Republic.[3] Observing Egypt, it is clear that there is a mix of ancient and modern. The city of Cairo, Egypt’s capital, is filled with an abundance of cars and buildings, yet out in the distance the shadows of the Great pyramids.
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEg-tqj-4j4XNvdyTdMXlCmfkmw3w1FjpchLfcELHfAYs-YrWx7o_z4bCNlqM36U8iqELpUtbJfUVJ2eivqm0A_DfGVGr8ob8CAaEGXob5W_CKsOj6TPDTJV0o5Bh9KuXd-MQoYvcVi9xUcdekFsJys2t_JjsPrzOWh7nwG237hdOKhB8rj8E-qd5VMlmAOU1PLpI1ECoC1k2pZLs0ES4M168M_qprY=
Egypt's location, history, and geographic features, have affected the culture and daily activities of this country over the centuries. The geography of this country could be a hindrance upon its people, however because she is an ancient country, she has learned to adapt to these harsh conditions. Agriculture and food production in Egypt thrives near the Nile River, yet outside the Nile's perimeters, desert is all that thrives. In regards to the spread of disease, Egypt was the home of the ten plagues of the Old Testament. From boils to diseased livestock, Ex. 9:1-12, disease passed quickly among the people.[4] Egypt today, has modernized and advanced which only proves that these features of Egypt demographically, geographically, and culturally, only led to the advance of Egypt.
 Depending on one's location in Egypt, weather can vary by extremes. In Cairo, there is little to no rain, while in an area on its northern coast, rain can fall around 16 inches. Even though the normal climate of Egypt is dry and hot, there is the occasional snowfall. Because Egypt is the majority a desert, the main cities are along the Nile River which is the provider of water to these cities. Along with the Nile River comes the importance of natural resources. The influence of these natural resources have had a great impact on Egypt not only because of trade routes, the Silk Road for example, which has been established to spread these great wealth all over the world, but imports into Egypt has also greatened.[5]
Crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, and petroleum are the main natural resources of Egypt.[6] Crude oil, found most extensively in the Suez Canal, also is found in areas of the western deserts of Egypt.[7] Egypt is not a leading producer in oil, especially since the decline in the amount she distributes, however she does have her name on the map.[8] Natural gas is primarily located in the Mediterranean Sea and at the delta of the Nile River.[9] Egypt's consumption of natural gas is the highest among all their other resources. However natural gas and crude oil are the chief natural resources in Egypt.[10] Mining in Egypt has been going on for centuries and goes back to the prehistoric times. Mining iron ore is one of Egypt's chief mineral resources.[11] Egypt's production of petroleum is small in number, and their consumption of it is at a large increase. Although Egypt consumes more petroleum than it produces, it still serves as a viable export. These natural resources greatly effect Egypt’s economy. There is a positive outcome to the imports and exports of these items.
            These natural resources were the start to Egypt’s contact with the surrounding countries of the world. Contact between Egypt and Asia stemmed from trade. Because of the Silk Road, there were direct routes between Egypt and the surrounding countries.[12] Trade with Asia can be placed back to as early as 206 B.C.[13] Egypt gained items such as goats, livestock and of course China's great silk, and Asia traded for items such as arrowheads, glass bottles, and gold.[14] The trade between these two continents not only linked them in trade but also in the spread of religion and culture. 

http://www.crystalinks.com/silkroad.html
Egypt's contact with Europe had a greater impact culturally and in regards to trade than any other continent. Trade with Europe did not need the Silk Road as a means to transport goods.[15] Europe was just a boat ride away over the Mediterranean Sea. Pottery, animals, gold, spices, and linens are only among the few items that were traded back and forth from Europe to Egypt.[16] During this time, the Nile River served as the main means of transportation for Egypt. A well-made boat was key for the Egyptians.[17] When it came time to build large cargo vessels to transport all their goods for trade, Egypt excelled in this area. Unfortunately, Egypt's first contact with Europe was not do to trade.[18] War and conquering new land was ever so important to pharaohs, kings, and leaders in the early know parts of history.  For Egypt, the trade and exploration of new continents proved to be valuable. Many new resources were gained and there was no decrease in value or the size of Egypt. The other countries that traded with Egypt had much to gain as well. New resources were gained for Asia and Europe. Egypt was not a big threat to the surrounding areas, but rather a valuable source of trade. 
Looking back on the origins of Egypt, it is clear to see just how far she has progressed technologically, economically, and even in religion. In early Egypt, religion was a polytheistic complex system of beliefs.[19] There were the system of the gods and the system of man. Pharaohs ruled the people with a divine power given to him by the gods because of his position.[20] One area of Egyptian religion that is unique is that the people could have a unique, personally connection with the gods. This connection with the supreme beings is odd for a religion where they saw their gods with so much power. One of the biggest religious practices that the Egyptians prided themselves on was the afterlife.[21] Large pyramids or burial chambers were made and filled with the most elaborate items for when the person reached the afterlife. This body after death was mummified and placed in these grand tombs and a great ceremony was given on behalf of the dead. The problem with this belief is not the fact that there is an afterlife, because that is true, however they believed one could take all their possessions and body with them when they go. These practices fashioned the height of the Egyptian religion.

http://alfa-img.com/show/egyptian-pyramid-burial-chambers.html

Around 3000 B.C. is where the growth of this religion really took off and formed deep roots in the Egyptian people.[22] However those beliefs and practices, such as animal sacrifice, oracles, temple worship, and feasts are now seen as folklore. The decline in these beliefs were due to Egypt being overtaken by the Roman Empire. The role of the Pharaoh declined and Egyptians long established religious beliefs were lost. Throughout the height of Egyptian religion, there were other religious influences moving into Egypt. Christianity had a tremendous impact on the Egyptian religion. In Exodus 7-11 God used his tool, Moses, to speak to the people.[23] Moses spoke the words of God and gave the Pharaoh and the Egyptian people the chance to let God's people go, and time after time they refused. Moses showed the powers of God by inflicted Egypt with the plagues, but there was no impact. Egypt was too deeply rooted in her religious ways to convert to Christianity or listen to the one true God.

http://njbrepository.blogspot.com/2013/06/were-jews-slaves-in-egypt-by-s-david.html

This first contact with Christianity led the way for the mission field in Egypt. The mission field in Africa was and still is extensive. Egypt, having its own form of religion, made it an easy place for Christians, Muslims, Jews, and others to share their beliefs. They were a target for people working in the mission field. Christians had the greatest effect on Egypt in its early years. The Bible tells the story of Moses being a witness to the people and to the Pharaoh, but Christianity took a firm hold of Egypt during the Roman Era in Alexandria.[24] Unfortunately today, Christianity is a small figure in religions in Egypt. The Copts in Egypt are a Christian Orthodox Church branch that only has a small amount of followers in Egypt. 
The Sunni Muslims took a firm hold of Egypt at the time when Egypt’s national religion was fading and there was gap religiously that needed to be filled.[25] At that time Islam made its impact because it is one of the oldest religions, and Christianity had a bad name in Egypt, therefore Islam had an easy time at infiltrating Egypt with their beliefs. Also, it was easy for Islam to become Egypt's national religion because Muhammad Ali, a Muslim man, became the leader in Egypt. Religion in Egypt has to do a lot with the man in power. What the leader believes and says is commonly accepted among the people. Because of Egypt's geographic location, Islam in Egypt is logical. Egypt has progressed forward because of this religion in terms of belief in a god rather that the sun and moon and stars and other entities as gods. They are closer to grasping Christianity then their ever were. Unfortunately Islam is an old religion that draws its practices from ancient times. This affects the way they fight and react to issues they come up against. Even though Islam is predominate, Christianity still has a voice among the people and has a chance to grow. 
Over Egypt's extensive history, there has been many political changes.[26] Egypt was once a place of kings and Pharaohs who ruled until their death. Before they died they would appoint one of their heirs to take over the throne once they were gone. Egypt since this time has progressed into a semi-presidential system. There has been a lot of distress among the government because of this change in leadership. Even with problems that seem to arise, Egypt continues to work through these issues and form a government that works for their country and their people. Egypt also has had many changes in their borders over their history. Specifically since World War I, with the invasion of Egypt by other countries, such as Germany, political issues brought increasing problems with boundaries. There has not been extensive growth in Egypt's boarders recently, but back in the earliest records Egypt was much smaller than we see today. Political takeovers seem to be the main reason for Egypt decrease and growth.   
One big problem is Egypt's national identity and it still being in question today. Because of the political and religious changes that have marked Egypt's history, the big question is who they are as a people group. Are they defined by religion such as Muslim or Christian? It seems that Egypt will be questioning their national identity until they are politically sound. There are many differences that mark the Egyptian people but they need to find a common ground to unite in a call themselves Egyptians.

Bibliography

Abdulrahman, A., Huisingh, D., & Hafkamp, W. (2015). Sustainability improvements in Egypt's oil & gas industry by implementation of flare gas recovery. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 98, 116-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.086

Ancient Egyptian History for Kids: Boats and Transportation. (2016). Ducksters.com. Retrieved 11 March 2016, from http://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_egypt/boats_and_transportation.php

Edge, Ian. "Sunni and Shia Law Compared to the Laws of Egypt and Iran." Trusts & Trustees 15, no. 10 (12, 2009): 821-6, http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1564001706?accountid=12085.

Egypt. (2016). In New World Encyclopedia.

Egypt: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition. (2016). Thinking Ahead For Europe. Retrieved from https://www.ceps.eu/publications/egypt-changes-and-challenges-political-transition

Goedicke, H.. (1995). Review of Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 54(1), 57–58. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/545235

Junxian, Gan and Mao Yan. "China's New Silk Road: Where does it Lead?" Asian Perspective 40, no. 1 (Jan, 2016): 105-30, http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1766245420?accountid=12085.

Kemboly, Mpay. "Out of Egypt. the Roots of Christianity Revealed." The Month 33, no. 8 (08, 2000): 328, http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/218872902?accountid=12085

Laget, F. (2005). From its Birthplace in Egypt to Marseilles, an Ancient Trade: 'Drugs and Spices'. Diogenes, 52(3), 131-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0392192105055941

Oils of Egypt | GeoMark Research. (2016). Geomarkresearch.com. Retrieved 11 March 2016, from http://geomarkresearch.com/studies/oils-of-egypt/

Sidebotham, S. E. (2001). Bir Umm Fawakhir Survey Project 1993: A Byzantine Gold-Mining Town in Egypt. The Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(3), 507+. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA80325425&sid=summon&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w&asid=b1a72d6d0f254242c3535cdf42bc189d
Silk Road. (2016). Crystalinks.com. Retrieved 11 March 2016, from http://www.crystalinks.com/silkroad.html

The Holy Bible. (1989) (pp. Exodus 7-11). New York.

The Holy Bible. (1989) (pp. Exodus 9:1-12). New York.

Vakalas, I., Zelilidis, A., Barkooky, A., Darwish, M., & Tewfik, N. (2014). Comparison between fan deltas in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, and in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Arabian Journal Of Geosciences, 8(6), 3603-3613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1457-0





[1] ("Egypt", 2016)
[2] Ibid.
[3] Ibid.
[4] (The Holy Bible, 1989)
[5]China's New Silk Road: Where does it Lead?”, 2016
[6] (“Egypt”, 2016)
[7] (Abdulrahman, Huisingh & Hafkamp, 2015)
[8] ("Oils of Egypt | GeoMark Research", 2016)
[9] (Drum, 2016)
[10] Ibid.
[11] “A Byzantine Gold-Mining Town in Egypt”.
[12]China's New Silk Road: Where does it Lead?”, 2016
[13] (Laget, 2005)
[14] Ibid.
[15] http://www.crystalinks.com/silkroad.html
[16] (Laget, 2005)
[17] ("Ancient Egyptian History for Kids: Boats and Transportation", 2016)
[18] (Vakalas, Zelilidis, Barkooky, Darwish & Tewfik, 2014)
[19]Review of Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice.”
[20] Ibid.
[21] Ibid.
[22] Ibid.
[23] (The Holy Bible, 1989)
[24] "Out of Egypt. the Roots of Christianity Revealed." 2000.
[25] "Sunni and Shia Law Compared to the Laws of Egypt and Iran." 2009
[26] ("Egypt: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition", 2016)

Friday, March 4, 2016

Change

Change -  Borders, Politics, National Identity


      Over Egypt's extensive history, there has been many political changes. Egypt was once a place of  kings and Pharaohs who ruled until their death. Before they died they would appoint one of their heirs to take over the throne once they were gone. Egypt since this time has progressed into a semi-presidential system. There has been a lot of distress among the government because of this change in leadership. Even with problems that seem to arise, Egypt continues to work through these issues and form a government that works for their country and their people. 


Egypt Political Parties 1764
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Egypt-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html
                           
    Egypt has had many changes in their borders over their history. Specifically since World War I, with the invasion of Egypt by other countries, such as Germany, political issues brought increasing problems with boundaries. There has not been extensive growth in Egypt's boarders recently, but back in the earliest records Egypt was much smaller than we see today. Political takeovers seem to be the main reason for Egypt decrease and growth. 

Egypt in 30BC
history map of Egypt 30BC
http://www.timemaps.com/history/ancient-egypt-1000bc


       Egypt's national identity is still in question today. Because of the political and religious changes that have marked Egypt's history, the big question is who they are as a people group. Are they defined by religion such as Muslim or Christian? It seems that Egypt will be questioning their national identity until they are politically sound. There are many differences that mark the Egyptian people that they need to find a common ground to unit in a call themselves Egyptians.





                                                                      Bibliography 
 https://www.ceps.eu/publications/egypt-changes-and-challenges-political-transition

 http://www.timemaps.com/history/ancient-egypt-1000bc

 http://www.proconservative.net/PCVol13Is047IbrahimEgyptsIdentityCrisis.shtml
 

Sunday, February 28, 2016

Missions

Missions

The mission field in Africa was and still is extensive. Egypt, having its own form of religion, made it an easy place for Christians, Muslims, Jews, and others to share their beliefs. They were a target for people working in the mission field. Christians had the greatest effect on Egypt in its early years. The Bible tells the story of Moses being a witness to the people and to the Pharaoh. Because the Pharaoh did not obey, God punished him and the people. Moses continued to give the pharaoh and the people a chance to believe in the power of God, yet they all doubted Him and payed the penalty. Christianity took a firm hold of Egypt during the Roman Era in Alexandria. Unfortunately today, Christianity is a small figure in religions in Egypt. The Copts in Egypt are a Christian Orthodox Church branch that which was the only branch to keep a small amount of followers in Egypt. 
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/24/christmas-christian-persecution

The Sunni Muslims took a firm hold of Egypt. Islam took such a deep root in Egypt because Egypt was a place were their national religion faded over time, leave room for a religious take over. Islam is one of the oldest religions, and Christianity had a bad name in Egypt, therefore Islam had an easy time at infiltrating Egypt with their beliefs. It was easy for Islam to become Egypt's national religion because Muhammad Ali became leader in Egypt and his belief was in Islam. Religion in Egypt has to do a lot with the man in power. What the leader believes and says is commonly accepted among the people. 

http://blaineharrington.photoshelter.com/image/I0000g59iX5wj5u4
Jews in Egypt did not take root as a major religion there. At the time when Egypt was being infiltrated by religions, the Jews did not go running to share their beliefs. This could be simply because they were slaves to the Egyptians in the time of the Bible. They were kept in captivity, worked, and abused as slaves in the United States once were.  There is only a small percentage of people in Egypt today that are Jewish.

http://njbrepository.blogspot.com/2013/06/were-jews-slaves-in-egypt-by-s-david.html


Because of Egypt's geographic location, Islam in Egypt is logical. Egypt has progressed forward because of this religion in terms of belief in a god rather that the sun and moon and stars and other entities as gods. They are closer to grasping Christianity then their ever were. Unfortunately Islam is an old religion that draws its practices from ancient times. This affects the way they fight and react to issues they come up against. Even though Islam is predominate, Christianity still has a voice among the people and has a chance to grow. 


Bibliography:
http://cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/files/2c.%20History%20of%20Religion%20-%20powerpoint.pdf

http://njbrepository.blogspot.com/2013/06/were-jews-slaves-in-egypt-by-s-david.html

http://blaineharrington.photoshelter.com/image/I0000g59iX5wj5u4
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/24/christmas-christian-persecution

Thursday, February 18, 2016

First Contact - Europe and Asia

First Contact

http://www.crystalinks.com/silkroad.html

Contact between Egypt and and Asia was a connection that stemmed from trade. Because of the Silk Road, pictured above, there were direct routes between Egypt and the surrounding countries. Trade with Asia can be placed back to as early as 206 B.C. Egypt gained items such as goats, livestock and of course China's great silk, and Asia traded for items such as arrowheads, glass bottles, and gold. The trade between these two continents not only linked them in trade but also in the spread of religion and culture. 
Egypt's contact with Europe had a greater impact culturally and in regards to trade than any other continent. Trade with Europe did not need the silk road as a means to transport goods. Europe was just a boat ride away over the Mediterranean Sea. Pottery, animals, gold, spices, and linens are only among the few items that were traded back and forth from Europe to Egypt. During this time, the Nile River served as the main means of transportation for Egypt. A well made boat was key for the Egyptians. When it came time to build large cargo vessels to transport all their goods for trade, Egypt excelled in this area. Unfortunately, Egypt's first contact with Europe was not do to trade. War and conquering new land was ever so important to pharaohs, kings, and leaders in the early know parts of history.  

                                         
http://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_egypt/boats_and_transportation.php

For Egypt, the trade and exploration of new continents proved to be valuable. Many new resources were gained and there was no decrease in value or the size of Egypt. The other countries that traded with Egypt had much to gain as well. New resources were gained for Asia and Europe as well. Egypt was not a big threat to the surrounding areas, but rather a valuable source of trade. 



Sources used: 

http://egypt-trade.wikidot.com/

http://www.crystalinks.com/silkroad.html

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/foreignrelations/asiank.html

Monday, February 15, 2016

Natural Resources and Trade

Natural Resources and Trade

Crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, and petroleum are the main natural resources of Egypt.

ST_MED3
http://geomarkresearch.com/studies/oils-of-egypt/
Crude oil, found most extensively in the Suez Canal, also is found in areas of the western deserts of Egypt. Egypt is not a leading producer in oil, especially since the decline in the amount she distributes, however she does have her name on the map.

http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Egypts-Declining-Oil-Fields-Lead-To-Growing-Reliance-On-Natural-Gas.html
Natural gas, as can be seen in the picture, is primarily located in the Mediterranean Sea and at the delta of the Nile River. Egypt's consumption of natural gas is the highest among all their other resources. However natural gas and crude oil are the chief distributions in Egypt.

http://crudeoilpeak.info/egypt
One can see in this graph that Egypt's production of petroleum is small in number, and their consumption of it is at a large increase. Although Egypt consumes more petroleum than it produces, it still serves as a viable export.

www.mdsresourcesirondeposit.com

Mining in Egypt has been been going on for century's and goes back to the prehistoric times. Mining iron ore is one of Egypt's chief mineral resources.

The influence of these natural resources have had a great impact on Egypt. Not only has trade routes, the Silk Road for example, been established to spread these great wealth all over the world, but trade into Egypt has also expanded. Because they natural resources reach back to prehistoric times, they of course have increased in production and exports.

Sources used for information:

http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/152375/

http://crudeoilpeak.info/egypt

http://geomarkresearch.com/studies/oils-of-egypt/


Thursday, February 4, 2016

Religions and Origins

Religions and Origins

http://ancientegypthistorykingdom.weebly.com/egyptian-gods.html


Egyptian religion is a polytheistic complex system of beliefs.  There were the system of the gods and the system of man. Pharaohs ruled the people with a divine power given to him by the gods because of his position. One area of Egyptian religion that seems out of place is that the people could have a unique, personally connection with the gods. This connection with the supreme beings is odd for a religion where they saw their gods with so much power.

Around 3000 B.C. is where the growth of this religion really took off and formed deep roots in the Egyptian people. However those beliefs and practices, such as animal sacrifice,  oracles, temple worship, and feasts are now seen as folklore. The decline in these beliefs were do to Egypt being overtake by the Roman Empire. The role of Pharaoh decline and Egyptians long established religious beliefs were lost.

http://alfa-img.com/show/egyptian-pyramid-burial-chambers.html
                        
One of the biggest religious practices that the Egyptians prided themselves on was the afterlife. Large pyramids or burial chambers were made and filled with the most elaborate items for when the person reached the afterlife. This body after death was mummified and placed in these grand tombs and a great ceremony was given on behalf of the dead. The problem with this belief is not the fact that their is an afterlife, because that is true, however they believed one could take all their possessions and body with them when they go. This is the reason for their mummification and their tomb being filled with elaborate items.

Christianity had a tremendous impact on the Egyptian religion. In Exodus 7-11 God used his tool, Moses, to condemn Egypt for disobeying. Accordingly the ten plagues were inflicted upon Egypt. Moses spoke the words of God and gave the Pharaoh and the Egyptian people the chance to let God's people go, and time after time they refused. Moses showed the powers of God by inflicted Egypt with these plagues but there was no impact. Egypt was to deeply rooted in her religious ways to ever convert to Christianity.


https://unveilingthetruth.wordpress.com/2015/12/27/prophetic-the-10-plagues-of-egypt-will-strike-america/
                               

Websites to photographs and information:

http://classroom.synonym.com/three-types-tombs-were-used-ancient-egypt-10756.html

http://ancientegypthistorykingdom.weebly.com/egyptian-gods.html

Wednesday, February 3, 2016

Music and Art in Egypt

Music and Art as Historical Records

                                           

Music and art in Egypt has been a part of its history since their first records. One interesting point that can be clearly seen in the above picture, is that the Egyptians used art, painting, to depict their deep musical roots. A common ritual in the Egyptian culture is Mulids. Mulids is a religious musical ceremony where the flute is the instrument of choice. 

Music within Egypt grew as the influence from other cultures filtered into their country. One thing that did not change even with the filtration of other cultures is Egypt's connection of gods with music. 

                                

Music was not the only form of art that was abundant in Egypt. Hieroglyphics, sculptures, paintings, pottery, glass, and papyrus were all forms of art. We can learn so much about Egypt's culture and history by observing all their different forms of art. For Egypt, this was a way to document their history. Whether a man's story through hieroglyphics on the walls of his tomb, or a piece of pottery portrayed a happy day for a family, life in Egypt was recorded in these manners. 

                        

Unlike sculptures or paintings, hieroglyphics was an amazing form of writing that was almost lost to the world today. The spread of hieroglyphics was not great. There was of course Egypt and under the Persian rule it extended into their empire. However Egypt was the primary source of this writing style, and after around the 4th century there were few who could actually read it. This was simply because of the filtration of other cultures and their languages into Egypt. Thankfully the Rosetta Stone was found and deciphered in the 1880's, leading to the interpretation of all hieroglyphics.



Sources and Photos obtained from:

http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html

 http://egyptartsite.com/

 http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/writing/rosetta.html